Systemic and Local Hypothermia in the Context of Cell Regeneration

Local and systemic cooling is an inducer of cell proliferation. Cell proliferation and transdifferentiation or stem cells differentiation involves microenvironment regulation such as temperature. Mild hypothermia downregulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduces the immune response against pathogens. In addition, mild tissue cooling improves endothelial cell function. Endothelial cells are involved in angiogenesis during regeneration strategies; therefore, their death is catastrophic and affects regeneration, but not cell proliferation. The potential mechanism underlying the effects of local or systemic hypothermia on cell regeneration has not yet been elucidated. Hypothermia reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and organelle activity. Hypothermia therapeutic effects depends on the targeted organ, exposure duration, and hypothermia degree. Therefore, determining these factors may enhance the usage of hypothermia more effectively in regenerative medicine. The paper introduces the hypothermia role in paracrine/endocrine cell secretion, reception, and the immune state after local and systemic hypothermia application.