Comparing USDA Protein Sub-recommendation Consumption among Adults: Are there Differences by Income?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate potential differences in income-level for intake of the USDA protein sub-recommendations among adults. Methods: We surveyed a national sample of adults (N = 355). We evaluated protein using a modified version of a previously validated survey. We used the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to determine protein quality via protein sub-recommendations for meat, poultry and eggs, seafood, and nuts, seeds, and soy products. We assessed group differences (low-, medium-, and high-income adults) for self-reported servings of protein, and meeting (vs not-meeting) protein sub-recommendations using separate ANOVAs. Results: Higher-income adults consumed significantly more servings of meat, poultry and eggs, seafood, and nuts, seeds, and soy products, and were more likely to meet recommendations for all protein sub-groups. Whereas adults typically consume enough protein to meet minimal guidelines regardless of income, low-income adults are less likely to eat higher quality protein foods. Conclusion: Public health promotion and policy interventions should be considered to promote healthy protein options among low-income adults.