Frequency of successful reproduction and time of nest emergence of hatchlings of the European pond turtle in the northern part of its distribution area

We have analyzed long-term (1987–2011) data on the reproduction of the turtle Emys orbicularis in western and central Poland. In contrast to earlier evidence, which suggested that E. orbicularis rarely reproduces successfully in the northern part of its distribution area, we document successful reproduction in at least 16 out of the last 20 seasons, including annual reproduction since 1998. Hatchlings emerged either in late summer or autumn, or overwintered in nests and emerged between late February and May of the following year.