Underwater Sensor Networks Routing (UWSN-R): A Comprehensive Survey

In today's scenario, underwater sensor networks has become a most popular area of the research. It is a fact that a large amount of unexploited resources are available in underwater that covers near about 65–70% of the earth and for a human it is difficult to find the data or related information in underwater. In underwater sensor networks, sensor node are deployed to detect the any phenomena that happens in underwater. It is used for underwater exploration, disaster preventions, sea monitoring. In UWSN, acoustic waves are used for communication that includes the number of issues like noise due to ship or fishes, propagation delay, path loss etc. Due to this, the bandwidth of acoustic waves is less as compared to radio waves and result is more energy consumption. The main objective of this work is to focus on the key limitations of the existing energy efficient routing algorithm. This work also shows a comparative analysis of the existing algorithms that will help the researches to find the research gaps in energy efficient routing algorithm.