
Silymarin and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic, comprehensive, and critical review
The blessed milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), a flowering plant native to Mediterranean Europe, has been consumed and extensively used as a cure for various chronic liver ailments over several centuries. Milk thistle extract, known as silymarin, is a complex mixture of seven
major flavonolignans and one flavonoid. The phytoconstituents of silymarin owe their therapeutic and hepatoprotective effects to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Primary liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), occurs in a milieu of oxidative stress
and inflammation. The etiology of HCC includes chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses, cirrhosis, and exposure to dietary and environmental hepatocarcinogens. Current therapeutic options for HCC, including surgical resection and liver transplantation, have limited benefits and are
essentially ineffective. Chemoprevention, using phytochemicals with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, represents a fascinating strategy, which has been a subject of intense investigation in the recent years. In this review, we explore the potential role of silymarin as a
chemopreventive and therapeutic agent for HCC. The review systematically evaluates the preclinical in-vitro and in-vivo studies investigating the effects of silymarin and its constituents on HCC. The biochemical mechanisms involved in the anti-liver-cancer effects of silymarin have been presented.
The current status of clinical studies evaluating the potential of role of silymarin in liver cancer, especially that caused by hepatitis C virus, has also been examined. Potential challenges and future directions of research involved in the ‘bench-to-bedside’ transition of silymarin
phytoconstituents for the chemoprevention and treatment of HCC have also been discussed.
Keywords: chemoprevention; hepatocellular carcinoma; milk thistle; silibinin; silymarin; treatment
Document Type: Review Article
Affiliations: 1: American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill 2: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar 3: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 4: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
Publication date: June 1, 2015
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