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Home / British Paramedic Journal, Volume 8, Number 4

Open Access The COVID-19 ambulance response assessment (CARA) study: a national survey of ambulance service healthcare professionals’ preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant demand on the NHS, including ambulance services, but it is unclear how this affected ambulance service staff and paramedics in other clinical settings (e.g. urgent and primary care, armed services, prisons). This study aimed to measure the self-perceived preparedness and impact of the first wave of the pandemic on paramedics’ psychological stress and perceived ability to deliver care.

Methods: Ambulance clinicians and paramedics working in other healthcare settings were invited to participate in a three-phase sequential online survey during the acceleration (April 2020), peak (May 2020) and deceleration (September/October 2020) phases of the first wave of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Recruitment used social media, Trust internal bulletins and the College of Paramedics’ communication channels, employing a convenience sampling strategy. Data were collected using purposively developed open- and closed-ended questions and the validated general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Data were analysed using multi-level linear and logistic regression models.

Results: Phase 1 recruited 3717 participants, reducing to 2709 (73%) by phase 2 and 2159 (58%) by phase 3. Participants were mostly male (58%, n = 2148) and registered paramedics (n = 1992, 54%). Mean (standard deviation) GHQ-12 scores were 16.5 (5.2) during phase 1, reducing to 15.2 (6.7) by phase 3. A total of 84% of participants (n = 3112) had a GHQ-12 score ≥ 12 during the first phase, indicating psychological distress. Participants that had higher GHQ-12 scores were feeling unprepared for the pandemic, and reported a lack of confidence in using personal protective equipment and managing cardiac arrests in confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions: Most participants reported psychological distress, the reasons for which are multi-factorial. Ambulance managers need to be aware of the risks to staff mental health and take action to mitigate these, to support staff in the delivery of unscheduled, emergency and urgent care under these additional pressures.

Keywords: COVID-19; mental health; occupational health; staff well-being

Document Type: Research Article

Affiliations: 1: South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-537X 2: University of Surrey ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-4497 3: University of Hertfordshire ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-4191 4: South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust 5: Barts Health NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-1669 6: South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6989-2244 7: University of Hertfordshire ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9259-0957 8: East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6395-0885 9: Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-5335 10: West Midlands Ambulance Service University NHS Foundation Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5477-4269 11: South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-7502 12: Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-1903 13: London Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-6200 14: London Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-8979 15: North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust 16: North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-5821 17: Scottish Ambulance Service ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9311-3885 18: East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-5876 19: North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8290-0912 20: South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3083-8958 21: South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust; University of Hertfordshire; College of Paramedics ORCID iD:, URL: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0796-5465

Publication date: March 1, 2024

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