A survey-based evaluation of ambulance staff awareness of vitamin D and risk of deficiency in a UK ambulance service

Background: Healthcare professions, shift-working and indoor-working are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this survey was to investigate ambulance staff awareness of vitamin D, and the risks associated with deficiency, to inform the need for appropriate well-being resources.

Methods: A purpose-designed, 20-question survey was developed, based on a validated vitamin D questionnaire, to explore staff vitamin D knowledge and self-health in one UK ambulance service. Disseminated during June/July 2020, survey completion was voluntary, and responses obtained were analysed using descriptive and thematic approaches.

Results: A total of 384 survey responses were received; 41% (n = 156) of respondents were male. Over half worked within emergency operational service delivery (57%; n = 219). Respondents were predominantly ‘White British’ (92%; n = 352). According to the Fitzpatrick Scale, most described themselves as having a ‘Medium, between white to moderate brown: sometimes mild burns, gradual tan’ complexion (47%; n = 182). The majority felt they got sufficient sunlight exposure when at home (66%; n = 253), but not at work (58%; n = 222). Almost one fifth (17%; n = 66) had received a diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. Forty percent took vitamin D supplements: 12% (n = 45) as advised by a medical professional; 28% (n = 107) self-directed to prevent deficiency. The ability of respondents to recognise known factors that affect vitamin D production in the skin, good vitamin D food sources and individuals at risk of vitamin D deficiency were variable. Respondents commented on their lack of vitamin D awareness, vitamin supplementation, COVID-19, work arrangements and access to sunlight.

Conclusions: Ambulance staff are at risk of vitamin D deficiency irrespective of their role: vitamin D awareness, access to sunlight and use of vitamin D supplements are variable. For affected individuals, the impact of vitamin D deficiency can be significant, requiring absence from work. The development of appropriate vitamin D and well-being resources appears to be warranted.