Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-under-Heaven' (Tian-xia, )

In this paper the author argues that the Chinese theory of All-under-Heaven is the best philosophy for world governance. All-under-Heaven is a deep world concept with a trinity of meanings: the earth, people's hearts and a world institution. And it introduces a political principle, ‘world-ness', that arguably transcends the principle of ‘internationality'. The author argues that the theory of All-under-Heaven is a more appropriate ‘world theory' than ‘international theory' in dealing with world problems. The author also considers the philosophies of the UN and EU.