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Home / Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, Volume 20, Number 1

Ways of Being: Assessing Presence and Purpose at Work

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Cognitive-behavioral, spiritual, and integral approaches to management each describe a leader's way of being as a matter of congruence between presence and purpose. This article introduces Ways of Being Theory (WBT), which bridges these approaches by comparatively analyzing assumptions and empirical observations. WBT defines presence as an individual's dispositional level of awareness and purpose as the typical level of meaning they assign to work. By connecting these tensions, WBT reveals four different ways of being that have critical implications for leaders and organizations facing unprecedented challenges in the wake of COVID. This article also presents findings from a preliminary study on psychometric and comparative characteristics of a Way of Being Inventory (WBI), which partially supports a two-factor structure.

Keywords: BEING; MINDFULNESS; PRESENCE; PURPOSE; TRANSCENDENCE; TRANSFORMATION

Document Type: Research Article

Affiliations: 1: College of Education, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, USA 2: Department of Psychology, Towson University, Maryland, USA

Publication date: January 1, 2023

This article was made available online on October 8, 2022 as a Fast Track article with title: "Ways of Being: Assessing Presence and Purpose at Work".

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  • The Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion (JMSR) now in its twenty first year, is the leading journal in this subfield of scholarship, housing the largest collection of academic work relevant to the disciplines of business, management and organization, religious studies and practical theology as well as the social sciences more generally. A truly interdisciplinary bridge journal, JMSR is highly ranked, listed in four categories byScopus at the 98th percentile (Scopus 2023); third out of 334 journals by Clarivate (Clarivate 2023, Journal Citation Indicator) and at 0.884 impact by Cabells (out of a maximum of 1.00). JMSR will continue to serve these communities and related scholarly domains as the prime forum for disseminating empirical data, developing theory, reporting best practice, and for the exchange of ideas and debate.
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