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- Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017
Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture - Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017
Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017
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Introduction – Diversity incorporation in the cultural policy mainstream: Exploring the main frameworks and approaches bridging cultural and migration studies
Authors: Ricard Zapata-Barrero, Wiebke Sievers and Marco MartinielloAbstractThe point of departure of this special issue is that in spite of the existence of a large debate on cultural policies, on the one hand, and on migration-related diversity policies, on the other hand, there are still few studies that deal with the intersection between these two policy fields. All contributions of the special issue bridge this gap by analysing if and how cultural policies, cultural institutions and artistic activities have changed in response to migratory processes, contributing to the transformation of societies. Their results raise the additional question of whether the incorporation of culture as an artistic practice and a channel of communication could change the basic ways integration processes have been researched.
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Diversity as an EU cultural policy driver: Neutrality vs affirmativity in the construction of a European cultural space
By Siresa LopezAbstractThis article endeavours to contribute to the debate on how notions of diversity in European politics serve to consolidate socio-economic inequality and ethno-nationalism. Starting from the premise that immigrant minorities are a key dimension of European cultural diversity, the article explores the notion of diversity in EU cultural policy. It examines the incorporation of the ‘immigrant minorities’ dimension into the formulation of primary and secondary EU legislation in force since 2000. Qualitative content analysis of legal and policy documents serves to analyse two axes of inclusion: (1) the recognition of immigrant minorities in the definition of a European cultural diversity and (2) the identification of inequality and discrimination as salient factors of socio-economic exclusion. The assessment of the evolution of the notion of diversity shows that despite the increase in immigrants’ socio-economic exclusion and of ethno-nationalism, EU cultural policy uses a neutral notion of cultural diversity. It is argued that this condition of neutrality favours the diversity-inequality tension and the hegemonic position of the nation state dimension in the articulation of a European cultural space.
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How does interculturalism facilitate diversity incorporation into the cultural policy mainstream? Montreal’s case study
More LessAbstractAfter conceptualizing multiculturalism and interculturalism as two main categories of analysis, I propose an interpretive framework to identify the main drivers of change/continuity in mainstream cultural policy when incorporating diversity. I will use Montreal as a case study and I will undertake documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with the main key-agents of cultural governance. The findings confirm one main pattern: interculturalism is a policy approach that facilitates the process of diversity incorporation in mainstream cultural policy, while multiculturalism is the basis of most of the tensions identified. In fact, to understand the initial tensions that decide continuity/change in cultural policies, two notions of culture are at odds: a narrow view which perceives immigrants as national bearers (ethnic-based view of culture) and a broader notion viewing culture as creative expression (an artistic-based view). The article will culminate with a proposal for a discussion framework to enable further research linking interculturalism/cultural policy.
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The inclusion of non-Western artistic traditions in cultural policy: Contrasting social justice and public diplomacy approaches
More LessAbstractOn both sides of the Atlantic, the dissemination of non-Western artistic traditions among the general public has been hampered by the prevalence of Eurocentric aesthetic standards in cultural institutions and organizations. In recent years, however, some states have taken steps in order to increase the exposure of immigrant-origin artists in a variety of disciplines, including theatre, music, dance, literature, cinema and visual arts. This article offers a systematic comparison of two such initiatives that have been developed at the national level: the Equity Office of the Canada Council for the Arts and Spain’s network of cultural ‘Houses’ (Red de Casas). While the former was assigned a social justice mandate, the latter was created to further foreign policy goals through public diplomacy. These diverging approaches have created distinct funding opportunities, policy instruments and structural outcomes, with important implications for processes of artistic segregation and mainstreaming.
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Mainstage theatre and immigration: The long history of exclusion and recent attempts at diversification in Berlin and Vienna
More LessAbstractRecent studies have shown that mainstage theatre has largely remained closed to immigrants and their descendants who want to enter the cultural institution as actors, directors and playwrights. This was explained with persistent homogeneous national narratives, gatekeepers denying immigrants and their descendants access and cultural policies pushing them into niches. This article adds to this the dimension of theatre history to understand first, why mainstage theatre in the German-speaking countries has remained closed to the new diversity brought by migration and second, why diversification, when it finally arrived, was more successful in Berlin than in Vienna. I regard the intricate link between theatre and nation-building as underlying the long exclusion of immigrants and their descendants in the German-speaking context. Subsequently, I argue that the more flexible theatre structures and the recent turn towards including immigrants and their descendants in cultural policy-making in Berlin have facilitated the career of an artist whose main aim was to address the exclusionary structures of theatre. Due to the limited research on this topic, I cannot claim my observations to be representative, but they provide a matrix for an in-depth analysis in other contexts.
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Including issues of migration and ethnic diversity in museum exhibitions: A reflection on different approaches used in Sweden
More LessAbstractHistorically, an important role of museums has been to contribute to national homogenization, but their roles are currently in flux. The study shows that Swedish museums of culture and history have begun the journey of adjusting to a new era that is affected by globalization, migration and requests for recognition of cultural difference. These processes began in the 1970s, and have been related to policy developments in the fields of culture, integration and minorities. In certain respects, the museums are moving in the direction of becoming what Eilean Hooper-Greenhill describes as post-museums, for example, museums have begun to include stories that have previously been ignored and are opening up to collaboration with stakeholders. However, the very exhibitions could be improved if museums, for example, more effectively employed new global and transnational perspectives on migration.
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Book Reviews
Authors: Lionel Arnaud and Christiane HintermannAbstractMulticulturalism and The Arts in European Cities, Marco Martiniello (ed.) (2014)
London and New York: Routledge, 120 pp., ISBN-13: 978-1138689923,
ISBN-10: 1138689920, h/bk, 110$; p/bk, 42$
Artifacts and Allegiances: How Museums put the Nation and the World on Display, Peggy Levitt (2015)
Oakland, California: University of California Press, 244 pp.,
ISBN: 9780520286078, p/bk, £24.95
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On digital crossings in Europe
Authors: Sandra Ponzanesi and Koen Leurs
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