A New Approach to Expandable Structures: Crossed Expandable Frames (X-Frames)

The use of expandable structures in the field of building began in the 1960s, based on the pioneering work of Emilio Pérez Piñero. They underwent significant developments at the end of the 20^th century, with typologies based on scissors or bundle modules. Until now, this typology has not been further enhanced, despite some very interesting contributions.
These studies are usually based on straight bar expandable structures, although there are some interesting proposals based on the deployability of parallel arc systems, even in real buildings. However, other possible types of expandable structures have not been explored to date.
In this paper, a new system for expandable structures is proposed, which opens new and interesting design possibilities based on the same folding principle. The system consists of deploying elements such as arches or frames with multiple intersections. Solutions for cylindrical vaults with horizontal axis joints and more complex geometries such as conoids are proposed, as well as domes with vertical and horizontal axis joints. Finally, other structures with special kinematic compatibility difficulties, such as concentric domes or toroids, are also studied.