Synthesis and Properties of Metal Oxide Aerogels via Ambient Pressure Drying

Metal oxide aerogels such as zirconia (ZrO₂), titania (TiO₂), and alumina (Al₂O₃) aerogels are very interesting nanoporous materials applicable as thermal insulators, catalysts, sensors, and so on. To obtain the aerogels, the first key step is a sol–gel process to prepare the gel followed by either supercritical drying, ambient pressure drying, or freeze-drying. Although the expensive and energy-intensive supercritical drying method restricts the commercialization of the aerogels, ambient pressure drying has shown great potential as an alternative and very simple method for aerogel synthesis. The sol–gel method and preparation parameters such as hydrolysis water, the silylating agent concentration, and the thermal treatment temperature have a profound impact on the textural and structural properties of the aerogels. Therefore, in this review, we study the synthesis and the influence of these parameters on the properties of metal oxide aerogels via ambient pressure drying.