Successful Introduction of Macaca nemestrina Infants to Their Mothers after Cesarean Delivery

Four Macaca nemestrina infants delivered via cesarean section were introduced to their mothers after surgery. All 4 introductions were successful, although methods differed slightly between dam–infant pairs. Pairs were considered successful when the mother displayed affiliative behavior towards the infant (including grooming), cradled it ventrally, and nursed it sufficiently to maintain infant health. The dams were sedated lightly with ketamine prior to introduction to reduce the possibility of aggression to caregivers and infants. The dams were checked for lactation, and each infant was swabbed with its placenta and with its mother's vaginal secretions prior to placement in the dam's cage. During the initial exposure, all 4 mothers picked up their infants within 1.5 h after introduction. Three of the 4 dam–infant pairs were fully successful during the initial exposure (24 h postdelivery), that is, the infants began to nurse within 2.5 h of affiliative contact. The 4th dam–infant pair required 3 d of successive exposures before the infant was nursed adequately. Infant health and maternal behavior determined the length of exposure. The optimal duration of these introductory encounters appeared to be between 2 and 3.5 h, to allow sufficient time for the dam's recovery from sedation while avoiding adverse effects on infant health. These observations demonstrate that cesarean-delivered M. nemestrina infants can be successfully united with their mothers, although it sometimes may require prolonged exposures on successive days.