Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media | Intellect Skip to content
1981
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics
  4. Volume 16, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 16, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 1740-8296
  • E-ISSN: 2040-0918

Abstract

Anti-Americanism is a growing tendency among people in Turkey, and the media is one source of this negative sentiment. After the failed military coup attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, more than 150 domestic media outlets were shut down, including television channels, daily newspapers, radio stations, news websites, and even social media. Local affiliates of international media companies such as Deutsche Welle Turkish, however, have remained immune to such government interventions to some extent. Considering the difference in the level of independence from Turkish government influence, this study aims to explore how the anti-American sentiment in the news varied across different media outlets. With the content of 690 online news reports, a sentiment analysis compared the pro-government and daily newspapers with two internationally owned and more independent media outlets, BBC News Turkish and Deutsche Welle. The results showed a significant discrepancy between the two groups in terms of how they framed news related to the United States. The domestic media framed and reported the US-related news with a more negative slant, including the use of offensive and pejorative narratives about the United States and its politics. BBC Turkish and Deutsche Welle, however, reported news about the United States with a relatively more neutral and objective language.

© 2020 Intellect Ltd
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00021_1
2020-06-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abbas, T., and Yigit, I. H.. ( 2015;), ‘ Scenes from Gezi Park: Localisation, nationalism and globalisation in Turkey. ’, City, 19:1, pp. 61–76.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Aday, S., Livingston, S., and Hebert, M.. ( 2005;), ‘ Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq war. ’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10:1, pp. 3–21.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Başer, B., and Öztürk, A. E.. ( 2017), Authoritarian Politics in Turkey: Elections, Resistance and the AK, London, UK:: I. B. Tauris;.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Beckett, K., ( 1997.), Making Crime Pay, New York:: Oxford University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bennett, W. L., and Paletz, D. L.. ( 1994), Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, Chicago, IL:: University of Chicago Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Blaydes, L., and Linzer, D. A.. ( 2010;), ‘ Losing Muslim hearts and minds: Religiosity, elite competition, and anti-Americanism in the Islamic world. ’, 51st Annual ISA Convention on Theory vs. Policy? Connecting Scholars and Practitioners, 17–20 February, New Orleans, LA, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/373c/d06ad803a91395cc96dcddfa5fd924ea1599.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Chermak, S. M., and Gruenewald, J.. ( 2006;), ‘ The media’s coverage of domestic terrorism. ’, Justice Quarterly, 23:4, pp. 428–61.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Ciftci, S., and Tezcür, G. M.. ( 2016;), ‘ Soft power, religion, and anti-Americanism in the Middle East. ’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 12:3, pp. 374–94.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen, B. C.. ( 1963), The Press and Foreign Policy, Princeton, NJ:: Princeton University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. D’Angelo, P., and Kuypers, J. A.. ( 2010;), ‘ Doing news framing analysis. ’, in P. D’Angelo, and J. Kuypers. (eds), Doing News Framing Analysis, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 1–14.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Demir, F.. ( 2013;), ‘ Debates over “negotiations in Oslo” in context of finding solutions to the terrorism problem and its reflections on Turkish Media. ’, Journal of Human Sciences, 10:1, pp. 1314–31.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Entman, R. M.. ( 1991;), ‘ Symposium framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran air incidents. ’, Journal of Communication, 41:4, pp. 6–27.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Fairhurst, G., and Sarr, R.. ( 1996), The Art of Framing, San Francisco, CA:: Jossey-Bass;.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Finkel, A.. ( 2015), Captured News Media: The Case of Turkey, Washington, DC:: Center for International Media Assistance;.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Freedom House ( 2018;), ‘ Freedom in the World 2018: Turkey profile. ’, https://freedomhouse.org/country/turkey/freedom-world/2018. Accessed 18 May 2020.
  16. Gentzkow, M. A., and Shapiro, J. M.. ( 2004;), ‘ Media, education and anti-Americanism in the Muslim world. ’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18:3, pp. 117–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Glazier, R. A., and Miller, W. J.. ( 2016;), ‘ For God or country? Comparing the sources of anti-American and anti-Muslim attitudes. ’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 27:2, pp. 153–74.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Goldsmith, B. E.,, Horiuchi, Y., and Inoguchi, T.. ( 2005;), ‘ American foreign policy and global opinion: Who supported the war in Afghanistan?. ’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49:3, pp. 408–29.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Grigoriadis, I. N.. ( 2010;), ‘ Friends no more? The rise of anti-American nationalism in Turkey. ’, Middle East Journal, 64:1, pp. 51–66.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Güney, A.. ( 2008;), ‘ Anti-Americanism in Turkey: Past and present. ’, Middle Eastern Studies, 44:3, pp. 471–87.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Higgot, R., and Malbasic, I.. ( 2008;), ‘ The theory and practice of anti-Americanism: A brief introduction. ’, in R. Higgot, and I. Malbasic. (eds), The Political Consequences of Anti-Americanism, New York:: Routledge;, pp. 1–12.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Hoffman, M.,, Werz, M., and Halpin, J.. ( 2018;), ‘ Turkey’s “New Nationalism” amid shifting politics. ’, Center for American Progress, 11 February, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2018/02/11/446164/turkeys-new-nationalism-amid-shifting-politics/. Accessed 18 May 2020.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Hollander, P.. ( 1992), Anti-Americanism: Critiques at Home and Abroad 1965–1990, New York:: Oxford University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Katzenstein, P. J., and Keohane, R. O.. ( 2007), Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, New York:: Cornell University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Kaya, R.,, and Çakmur, B.. ( 2010;), ‘ Politics and the mass media in Turkey. ’, Turkish Studies, 11:4, pp. 521–37.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Kurban, D., and Sozeri, C.. ( 2012), Caught in the Wheels of Power: The Political, Legal and Economic Constraints on Independent Media and Freedom of the Press in Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey:: TESEV;.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Lippmann, W.. ( 1922), Public Opinion, New York:: Filiquarian;.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Long, M.,, Bunch, R. L., and Lloyd, R. E.. ( 2009;), ‘ Measuring anti-Americanism in editorial cartoons. ’, Social Science Quarterly, 90:3, pp. 652–73.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Lynch, M.. ( 2006;), ‘ Anti-Americanism in the Arab world. ’, in P. Katzenstein, and R. Keohane. (eds), Anti-Americanism in World Politics, Ithaca, NY:: Cornell University Press;, pp. 196–224.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. McCombs, M. E., and Shaw, D. L.. ( 1972;), ‘ The agenda-setting function of mass media. ’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36:2, pp. 176–87.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Nisbet, E. C., and Shanahan, J.. ( 2008;), ‘ Anti-Americanism as a communication problem? Foreign media and public opinion toward the United States in Europe and the Middle East. ’, American Journal of Media Psychology, 1:1, pp. 7–35.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. O’Connor, B.. ( 2007;), ‘ A history of anti-Americanism: From Buffon to Bush. ’, in B. O’Connor. (ed.), Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes. Vol. 2. Historical Perspectives, Westport, CT:: Greenwood World;, pp. 1–27.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. O’Heffernan, P.. ( 1991), Mass Media and American Foreign Policy: Insider Perspectives on Global Journalism and the Foreign Policy Process, Westport, CT:: Ablex;.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. O’Heffernan, P.. ( 1994;), ‘ Mass media roles in foreign policy. ’, in D. A. Graber. (ed.), Media Power in Politics, , 3rd ed.., Washington, DC:: CQ Press;, pp. 325–26.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Onat, I., and Çubukçu, S.. ( 2019;), ‘ Unresolved conflict, urban insurgency and devastating consequences in Turkey between 2015 and 2016. ’, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 14:2, pp. 164–82.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Panayırcı, U. C.,, İşeri, E., and Şekercioğlu, E.. ( 2016;), ‘ Political agency of news outlets in a polarized media system: Framing the corruption probe in Turkey. ’, European Journal of Communication, 31:5, pp. 551–67.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Rubenstein, A. Z., and Smith, D. E.. ( 1988;), ‘ Anti-Americanism in the third world. ’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 497:1, pp. 35–45.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Salkind, N. J.. ( 2016), Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics, , 4th ed.., Thousand Oaks, CA:: Sage;.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Schlesinger, P., and Tumber, H.. ( 1994), Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice, Oxford, UK:: Oxford University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Srivastava, M.,, Harvey, B., and Ersoy, E.. ( 2014;), ‘ Media corruption in Turkey. ’, http://www.platform24.org/en/articles/117/media-corruption-in-turkey. Accessed 18 May 2020.
  41. Tai, C.-S.,, Peterson, E. J., and Gurr, T. R.. ( 1973;), ‘ Internal versus external sources of anti-Americanism: Two comparative studies. ’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 17:3, pp. 455–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Tetlock, P. C.. ( 2007;), ‘ Giving content to investor sentiment: The role of media in the stock market. ’, Journal of Finance, 62:3, pp. 1139–68.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Türkmen, F.. ( 2010;), ‘ Anti-Americanism as a default ideology of opposition: Turkey as a case study. ’, Turkish Studies, 11:3, pp. 330–55.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Turkiye Gazetesi ( 2017;), ‘ MAK Danışmanlık’tan çarpıcı anket. ’ (‘Striking survey by MAK consulting’), 14 October , http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/gundem/511299.aspx. Accessed 18 May 2020.
  45. US Department of Justice ( 2016;), ‘ Turkish national arrested for conspiring to evade U.S. sanctions against Iran, money laundering and bank fraud. ’ (News release), 21 March , https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/turkish-national-arrested-conspiring-evade-us-sanctions-against-iran-money-laundering-and. Accessed 18 May 2020.
  46. Yesil, B.. ( 2018;), ‘ Authoritarian turn or continuity? Governance of media through capture and discipline in the AKP era. ’, South European Society and Politics, 23:2, pp. 239–57.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Onat, Ismail,, Cubukcu, Suat,, Demir, Fatih, and Akca, Davut. ( 2020;), ‘ Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media. ’, International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 16:2, pp. 139–157, doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/macp_00021_1
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00021_1
Loading
Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media
International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 16, 139 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1386/macp_00021_1
/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00021_1
/content/journals/10.1386/macp_00021_1
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Article
Keyword(s): anti-Americanism; coup d’état; Havuz media; news framing; online news; sentiment analysis; Turkey

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a success
Invalid data
An error occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error