The case for a gentler bang: A cosmology of gradual creation

This paper presents a cosmology of an expanding universe that may or may not have a beginning. It avoids singularities and infinities that plague the Big Bang Theory by postulating the existence of a repulsive force field between galaxies, while maintaining the dynamics within each galaxy as being dominated by gravitational fields only. This is accomplished by assuming that an electric charge separation can occur at the event horizon of supermassive black holes, which are known to exist at the cores of most galaxies. Observed galactic redshifts and the acceleration of cosmic expansion are matched, if electric force fields emanate from galactic cores by a concealed electric charge of 3 × 10³²C for an average galaxy. The proposed cosmic model has no need for being relativistically flat. It has no need for inflationary periods, dark matter, or dark energy. Both velocities and accelerations of the receding galaxies are linearly proportional to the radial distances r from any observer. The minimum age of such a universe is shown to be older than 200 × 10⁹ (200 billion) years, perhaps much older.