Depression and race affect hospitalization costs of heart failure patients
Methods: We examined the 2008 files of the Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data System (HDDS) on patients (≥20 years of age) with a primary diagnosis of HF (ICD-9 codes 402, 404, and 428) along with demographic data, depression/anxiety diagnoses, hospital costs, and comorbidities. Among the HF sample (n=16,889) 53% were female and 23% were black. Race and gender differences in hospital costs were evaluated for the following three groups: (1) HF patients with depression/anxiety (HF+D); (2) HF-only patients without depression/anxiety (HFO); and (3) HF patients with other mental diagnoses (HF+M).
Results: HF was significantly (p<0.000) higher among blacks compared to whites, and higher among males than females. Nearly 25% of HF patients had depression/anxiety (more whites and females were depressed). HF patients averaged more than 3 comorbidities (blacks had a greater number of comorbidities and hospitalization cost for the year). Costs were higher among HF+D patients compared to HFO patients. Among HF+D patients, costs were higher for black males compared with white males. These cost patterns prevailed largely because of higher comorbidities that required more re-admissions and longer hospital stays.
Conclusion: Race and depression/anxiety are associated with increased hospitalization costs of HF patients. The higher costs among blacks reflect the higher burden of comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes, which calls for widespread dissemination, adoption, and implementation of proven interventions for the control of these comorbidities.
Keywords: Hospitalization costs; depression; gender; heart failure; race
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: 01 June 2015
This article was made available online on 29 June 2015 as a Fast Track article with title: "Depression and race affect hospitalization costs of heart failure patients".
Family Medicine and Community Health (FMCH) is an open-access journal focusing on subjects that are common and relevant to family medicine/general practice and community health. The journal publishes relevant content across disciplines such as epidemiology, public health, social and preventive medicine, research and evidence based medicine, community health service, patient education and health promotion and health ethics. The journal has a specific focus on the management of chronic illness particularly diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, chronic heart failure, hypertension, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive airways disease and common mental illness. FMCH is published by Compuscript http://www.compuscript.com on behalf of the Chinese General Practice Press http://www.chinagp.net.
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