@article {Hiatt:November 2008:1061-4303:2145,
	author = "Hiatt, William C",
	author = "Grady, C. P. Leslie",
	title = "An Updated Process Model for Carbon Oxidation, Nitrification, and Denitrification",
	journal = "Water Environment Research",
	volume = "80",
	year = "November 2008",
	abstract = "The currently available comprehensive activated sludge models, ASM#1 ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="waer-80-11-Grady2">Grady et al., 1986</xref>) and its successor ASM#3 ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="waer-80-11-Gujer1">Gujer et al., 1999</xref>), do not adequately describe nitrification and denitrification, with respect to ammonia oxidation inhibition, nitrite accumulation, or emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. A new comprehensive activated sludge process model, the Activated Sludge Model for Nitrogen (ASMN), is presented. The ASMN incorporates two nitrifying populations—ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria—using free ammonia and free nitrous acid, respectively, as their true substrates. The ASMN incorporates four-step denitrification (sequential reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas via nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide) using individual, reaction-specific parameters. Simulation results for ammonia, nitrate, soluble substrate, and biomass concentrations determined by using ASMN for three activated sludge process configurations under steady-state and dynamic municipal-type influent conditions are shown to be comparable with ASM#1 results.",
	pages = "2145-2156(12)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wer/2008/00000080/00000011/art00008"
	doi = "doi:10.2175/106143008X304776"
}