@article {Sutton:2009:1938-6478:591,
	author = "Sutton, Paul M. and Schraa, Oliver and Lancaster, Cory and Togna, Paul and Newcombe, Remembrance",
	title = "Continuous Backwash Filters: An Attractive Technology for Phosphorus Removal and Recovery, and Nitrate Reduction",
	journal = "Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation",
	volume = "2009",
	number = "4",
	year = "2009",
	abstract = "Continuous backwash filters (CBFs) have been widely applied for suspended solids and nutrient removal. A more recent development is the use of a reactive media, namely hydrous ferric oxide coated silica sand in CBFs, to achieve effluent total phosphorus (TP) levels less than 0.1 mg/l. The results from case studies involving the use of a commercial embodiment of the reactive filtration technology, demonstrate the ability to achieve an effluent TP level of 10 &#956;g/l in the treatment of municipal wastewater secondary effluent. The reactive filtration technology appears to be well suited as the means to achieve phosphorus removal and recovery in a new flowsheet designed to achieve energy sustainability, and water and nutrient recovery.<P></P>A mathematical model was developed for the reactive filtration, phosphorus removal technology. The observed results from case studies were in general agreement with the model predictions. A model was also developed for application of a tertiary treatment CBF system for nitrate removal. Observed results derived from various locations where the denitrification CBF system was in operation generally agreed with the model values.",
	pages = "591-618",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2009/00002009/00000004/art00038",
	doi = "doi:10.2175/193864709793901455",
	keyword = "Nutrient removal, continuous backwash filters, mathematical modeling"
}