@article {Kessler:2002:1938-6478:582,
	author = "Kessler, Carol and Wood, Luke and Gober, Joe and Hendley, Barry",
	title = "MICROSAND BALLASTED FLOCCULATION AND CLARIFICATION: EFFECTS ON REMOVAL OF TSS, OIL GREASE, AND METALS FROM A STEEL MILL WASTE STREAM",
	journal = "Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation",
	volume = "2002",
	number = "10",
	year = "2002",
	abstract = "A seventeen-day pilot operation demonstrated the feasibility of microsand ballasted flocculation and clarification for removal of TSS, oil &#38; grease, and multiple regulated metals from steel plant wastewater. The process was insensitive to varying influent conditions tested including normal and simulated &#8220;worst case&#8221; conditions.<P></P>Overflow rates of 25 and 75 gpm/ft<SUP>2</SUP>, equivalent to 25,000 gpm process and 150,000 gpm combined process/stormwater flows, were tested. Average removal efficiencies of 96&#37; for TSS and 92&#37; for oil &#38; grease were achieved. Effluent copper concentrations below 6.1 &#956;g/l and nickel concentrations below 20 &#956;g/l were also achieved. Various process pH&#39;s and sulfide dosages were evaluated for compliant metals removal. For influent copper and nickel concentrations below 140 &#956;g/l, a pH of 10.5 and 3 mg/l (as S) sulfide addition proved optimal.",
	pages = "582-597",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2002/00002002/00000010/art00045"
}