@article {Hunt:2002:1938-6478:1698,
	author = "Hunt, William F.",
	title = "STORMWATER BMP COST EFFECTIVENESS RELATIONSHIPS FOR NORTH CAROLINA",
	journal = "Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation",
	volume = "2002",
	number = "2",
	year = "2002",
	abstract = "Stormwater BMPs are becoming commonly used throughout the United States. One of the questions facing design engineers and developers is what is the optimum practice to select for a particular watershed size, land cost, and target pollutant. Pollutant removal efficiencies using regional data were collected to determine median pollutant removal rates for four different BMPs: wet ponds, stormwater wetlands, sand filters, and bioretention areas. The target pollutants studied are TSS, TP, and NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>&#8722;</SUP>. Construction and maintenance costs were found for over 40 BMPs in North Carolina. A simple tool is presented that links the removal efficiencies of BMPs to their associated costs (land, maintenance, and construction). The analysis finds that (1) bio-retention is most often the most cost-effective BMP for small mostly impermeable watersheds, (2) the cost-effectiveness of stormwater wetlands and wet ponds are comparable when including land and opportunity costs, and (3) economies of scale exist.",
	pages = "1698-1713",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2002/00002002/00000002/art00106",
	doi = "doi:10.2175/193864702785665940"
}