@article {Love:2002:1938-6478:583,
	author = "Love, J. T. and Donigian, A. S.",
	title = "THE CONNECTICUT WATERSHED MODEL MODEL DEVELOPMENT, CALIBRATION, and VALIDATION",
	journal = "Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation",
	volume = "2002",
	number = "2",
	year = "2002",
	abstract = "Nutrient loadings from watersheds within the state of Connecticut have a large impact on the water quality and aquatic health of Long Island Sound (LIS). Over the past 15 years, state and federal efforts have focused on improving the water quality and natural resources of LIS, with a specific emphasis on addressing the issue of hypoxia. In this study, funded by EPA and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP), a statewide watershed model was developed using the U.S. EPA Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF) and the U.S. Geological Survey&#39;s graphical user interface GenScn to quantify all sources of key nutrients to LIS.<P></P>The Connecticut Watershed Model (CTWM) was developed to evaluate nutrient sources and loadings within each of six nutrient management zones that lie primarily within the state of Connecticut, and assess their delivery efficiency to LIS.<P></P>The CTWM evolved by first performing calibration and validation on three small test basins across the state (Norwalk, Quinnipiac, and Salmon) representing a range of land uses, including urban, forest, and agricultural. The model was then extended to three major river calibration basins (Farmington, Housatonic, and Quinebaug) and subsequently expanded to a statewide model by using the most spatially applicable set of calibrated watershed parameters in non-calibrated areas. The user-friendly interface and framework of the CTWM was specifically designed to promote continuing use by CT DEP staff to assess multiple BMPs, implementation levels, and relative impacts of point source controls for nutrient reductions to LIS<P></P>The major steps involved in the development of the CTWM included the following:<P></P>&#60;list list-type="order"&#62; &#60;list-item&#62;<P></P>Simulation Plan Development&#60;/list-item&#62; &#60;list-item&#62;<P></P>Database Development&#60;/list-item&#62; &#60;list-item&#62;<P></P>Watershed Segmentation and Parameter Estimation&#60;/list-item&#62; &#60;list-item&#62;<P></P>Hydrology/Water Quality Calibration and Validation&#60;/list-item&#62; &#60;list-item&#62;<P></P>Simulation of Alternative Management Scenarios&#60;/list-item&#62; &#60;/list&#62;<P></P>This paper presents techniques and methods used in the CTWM model development (steps 1-3) and the &#8220;weight-of-evidence&#8221; approach used in the calibration and validation (step 4). A companion paper presented in this conference (Donigian and Love, 2002) discusses and presents model results of alternative growth and BMP (Best Management Practice) Scenarios (step 5) on nutrient loads to LIS.",
	pages = "583-604",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2002/00002002/00000002/art00039",
	doi = "doi:10.2175/193864702785665616"
}