@article {van Oorschot:January 2005:0305-5736:33,
	author = "van Oorschot, Wim",
	author = "Arts, Wil",
	author = "Halman, Loek",
	title = "Welfare state effects on social capital and informal solidarity in the European Union: evidence from the 1999/2000 European Values Study",
	journal = "Policy & Politics",
	volume = "33",
	year = "January 2005",
	abstract = "This article tests whether state-organised solidarity substitutes social capital and informal solidarity, based on recent data from the European Values Study. At country level, we find that welfare spending has a reinforcing effect on social capital and a negative substitution effect on informal solidarity. At the individual level, there is also evidence for a substitution effect, since informal solidarity is lower among people who live in countries that spend more on social protection. In addition, there is evidence of a 'national burden' effect, since informal solidarity is lower among people who live in countries with an older population, with higher unemployment, and with a higher percentage of immigrants.",
	pages = "33-54(22)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2005/00000033/00000001/art00003"
	doi = "doi:10.1332/0305573052708474"
}