Presenting Risk Information A Review of the Effects of Framing and other Manipulations on Patient Outcomes

Authors: Edwards A.1; Elwyn G.1; Covey J.2; Matthews E.1; Pill R.1

Source: Journal of Health Communication, Volume 6, Number 1, 1 January 2001 , pp. 61-82(22)

Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd

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Abstract:

Discussing risks and benefits of treatments or care options is becoming an increas ingly important part of modern health care. This paper reviews the literature about manipulations of risk and benefit information in the clinical setting. There is a paucity of evidence in this field, particularly when examining specific manipulations. Only three categories of manipulation had three or more studies. The available evidence shows that the way information is presented can have significant effects on decisions made. The largest effects are evident when relative risk information is presented, as compared with absolute risk data. In addition, "loss framing" is more effective in influencing screening uptake behaviors than "gain framing" (odds ratio 1.18 [95% confidence interval 1.01-1.38]). There is also a pattern of evidence from studies comparing simpler with more complex information, more data with less, and those comparing numerical with verbal descriptions of risks. These studies suggest that providing more information, and which is more understandable to the patient, is associated with improved patient knowledge and a greater wariness to take treat ments or participate in trials. These findings can contribute to efforts to improve communication between professionals and patients.

Language: English

Document Type: Research article

Affiliations: 1: Department of General Practice University of Wales College of Medicine Llanedeyrn Health Centre Llanedeyrn, Cardiff, United Kingdom 2: Department of Economics and Related Studies Alcuin College University of York Heslington, York, United Kingdom

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