Neurogenic inflammation in the upper digestive tract of the mule duck: effect of a chemical algogen and force-feeding
1. The objectives were to quantify the presence of neurogenic inflammation in 4 regions of the upper digestive tract of anaesthetised ducks (post-pharynx, pseudo-crop, transition between the pseudo-crop and the proventriculus, and proventriculus) after application of HCl stimulation
of up to 4 M in the pseudo-crop.
2. The second objective was to quantify the presence of neurogenic inflammation in the same digestive tract regions as mentioned above during 4 feeding periods of foie gras production (rearing, preparation to force-feeding, and second and last meals of the force-feeding period).
3. Extravasation increased above a HCl stimulation threshold of 2 M. Furthermore, more extravasation was observed in the proventriculus compared to the other regions (P < 0·001).
4. Highest extravasation responses were observed in the proventriculus and the pseudo-crop at the end of the preparation period, and in the proventriculus after the second forced meal, compared with the rearing period (P < 0·01), with a return to rearing level at the end of force-feeding.
5. Such a kinetic could be indicative of a relative mildness of the irritant components associated with this feeding practice.
2. The second objective was to quantify the presence of neurogenic inflammation in the same digestive tract regions as mentioned above during 4 feeding periods of foie gras production (rearing, preparation to force-feeding, and second and last meals of the force-feeding period).
3. Extravasation increased above a HCl stimulation threshold of 2 M. Furthermore, more extravasation was observed in the proventriculus compared to the other regions (P < 0·001).
4. Highest extravasation responses were observed in the proventriculus and the pseudo-crop at the end of the preparation period, and in the proventriculus after the second forced meal, compared with the rearing period (P < 0·01), with a return to rearing level at the end of force-feeding.
5. Such a kinetic could be indicative of a relative mildness of the irritant components associated with this feeding practice.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: 1: INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants (MoSAR), 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France 2: AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard75005 Paris, France 3: INRA Station Expérimentale des Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, Artiguères, 1076 Route de Haut Mauco 40280Benquet, France
Publication date: 01 December 2011
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