Authors: Kuokkanen, Toivo; Nurmesniemi, Hannu; Pöykiö, Risto; Kujala, Kauko; Kaakinen, Juhani; Kuokkanen, Matti

Source: Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, Volume 20, Number 2, June 2008 , pp. 111-122(12)

Publisher: Science Reviews 2000 Ltd

Abstract:

Paper mills produce large amounts of paper mill sludge in the treatment of process water. According to overburden studies, the hydraulic conductivity of the paper mill sludge originating from a paper mill in Northern Finland at a pressure of 30 kPa was 4.4×10^-10m s^-1, and 1.7×10^-10m s^-1 at a pressure of 100 kPa. These values well meet the generally required values of between 1.0×10⁷m s^-1 and 1.0×10⁹m s^-1 for a geological barrier in landfill base and sides at landfills in the European Union. Paper mill sludge can also be used in the artificially constructed geological barrier layer of landfill cover structures. The angle of internal friction of the paper mill sludge was 34.8° and the cohesion of interparticle adhesion 23 kPa, which are important measures for assessing the shear strength of paper mill sludge and thus the stability of the landfill layer in which it is used. During a 28-day period, the biodegradability of the paper mill sludge in soil was ca 0.4% and in ground water under 1%, whereas according to the OECD 301F standard concentrations (BOD₂₈), it was ca 8%. For the determination of total element concentrations in the paper mill sludge, the dried sample was digested using USEPA method 3052. A five-stage sequential leaching procedure was also used to fractionate trace elements in the paper mill sludge between the water-soluble (H₂O), exchangeable (CH₃ COOH), easily reduced (HONH₃Cl), oxidizable (H₂O₂+CH₃COONH₄), and (5) the residual (H+HNO₃+HCl) fractions. This paper covers also examples of case studies how paper mill sludge is utilized in Finland.

Keywords: FIBRE CLAY; LEACHING; LANDFILL; PAPER MILL SLUDGE; WASTE

Document Type: Research article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/095422908X324480

Publication date: 2008-06-01

More about this publication?

• Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability covers a rapidly expanding area in environmental science.

  Research on the interactions between the chemical forms and behaviour of toxic compounds and their subsequent biological uptake, metabolism and ecological fate involves many scientific fields. These studies are often published in discipline-specific journals, leading to inadequate review and information scatter. This situation hinders both the development of an international community of experienced colleagues and the open flow of information and discussion. Additionally, the importance of speciation and bioavailability research to the development of pollution law and control technologies is being increasingly appreciated by environmental regulatory agencies throughout the world.

  Related Books:
  Ultramafic Rocks: Their Soils, Vegetation and Fauna

• Editorial Board
• Information for Authors
• Subscribe to this Title
• ingentaconnect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites

Related content

• In this: publication
• By this: publisher
• In this Subject: Chemistry (General) ,  Earth and Environmental Sciences
• By this author: Kuokkanen, Toivo ;  Nurmesniemi, Hannu ;  Pöykiö, Risto ;  Kujala, Kauko ;  Kaakinen, Juhani ;  Kuokkanen, Matti

Website © Publishing Technology. Article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author(s) as specified within the article.

• Terms and conditions
• Privacy policy
• Information for advertisers