Author: Rieuwerts, John S.

Source: Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2007 , pp. 75-85(11)

Publisher: Science Reviews 2000 Ltd

Abstract:

In recent years, initiatives on critical loads of metals have resulted in the development of models to predict critical, i.e. mobile or bioavailable, concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soils. These models have been based on data from temperate soils and, considering the fundamentally different soil chemistry of the major tropical soil types, it is unlikely that such models could be applied successfully in the tropics. In particular, the major tropical soil types, particularly oxisols and ultisols, are distinguished from most temperate soils by low activity clays, low organic matter contents, low pH values and high levels of Fe oxides. The aim of this review paper is to collate existing information on the behaviour of trace metals in tropical soils, particularly in relation to metal mobility and bioavailability, and note differences, where these exist, with temperate soils. The main findings are as follows. The acidic nature of many tropical soils may not, of itself, lead to greater metal solubility. The relatively low organic matter content of tropical soils suggests that it cannot be relied upon to retain metals. However, when it is present, it appears to be important in the retention of copper, lead and zinc. The clay fractions of many tropical soils are dominated by kaolinite which is less able than 2:1 layer silicate clays to adsorb metals. However, oxisols and ultisols in particular have relatively high Fe oxides contents and these may be effective in metal sorption. Overall though, soils such as oxisols and ultisols appear to sorb relatively low amounts of added metals, most likely explained by the low activity clay minerals they contain and the rapid decomposition of organic matter incorporated into them. Dominant retention mechanisms, where they occur, are inner and outer sphere adsorption but not precipitation. Cadmium, Cu, Zn and Ni appear to be mobile in tropical soils. Chromium may be mobile in the A horizon but retained in the B horizon. The evidence for Pb points to surface retention, as is often observed for this metal in temperate soils. Metals in contaminated tropical soils appear to be rather bioavailable, judging by the few studies on plant uptake. It should be noted that the above statements are based on a relatively small number of studies. Further work is required if we are to gain an improved understanding of the mobility and bioavailability of trace metals in tropical soils.

Keywords: tropical soil; metal; mobility; bioavailability

Document Type: Research article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/095422907X211918

Affiliations: 1: School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK

Publication date: 2007-06-14

More about this publication?

• Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability covers a rapidly expanding area in environmental science.

  Research on the interactions between the chemical forms and behaviour of toxic compounds and their subsequent biological uptake, metabolism and ecological fate involves many scientific fields. These studies are often published in discipline-specific journals, leading to inadequate review and information scatter. This situation hinders both the development of an international community of experienced colleagues and the open flow of information and discussion. Additionally, the importance of speciation and bioavailability research to the development of pollution law and control technologies is being increasingly appreciated by environmental regulatory agencies throughout the world.

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