@article {Oztoprak:2012:0003-7028:1353,
	author = "Oztoprak, Belgin Genc and Gonzalez, Jhanis and Yoo, Jong and Gulecen, Turgay and Mutlu, Nazim and Russo, Richard E. and Gundogdu, Ozcan and Demir, Arif",
	title = "Analysis and Classification of Heterogeneous Kidney Stones Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)",
	journal = "Applied Spectroscopy",
	volume = "66",
	number = "11",
	year = "2012",
	abstract = "Kidney stones were analyzed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), utilizing a high resolution multi-channel charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer and a nanosecond-pulse Nd : YAG laser. The kidney stones were also characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques for comparative analysis. It was found that the ratio of hydrogen (H) to carbon (C) was an important indicator of organic compounds such as uric acid. Advantages of LIBS, especially with regards to amount of sample required and sample preparation as well as the ability to carry out elemental analysis and classification of kidney stones simultaneously, over other analytical techniques such as XRD and XRF are discussed. The common minor elements detected in the kidney stones include P, S, Si, Ti, and Zn. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of broadband LIBS spectra were employed for classifying different types of kidney stones. The results are beneficial in understanding kidney stone formation processes, which can lead to preventive therapeutic strategies and treatment methods for urological patients.",
	pages = "1353-1361",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sas/sas/2012/00000066/00000011/art00016",
	doi = "doi:10.1366/12-06679",
	keyword = "Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS, Kidney stone, X-ray diffraction, XRD, X-ray fluorescence, XRF, Principal component analysis, PCA, Partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA"
}