Analysis of Diacetylmorphine, Caffeine, and Degradation Products after Volatilization of Pharmaceutical Heroin for Inhalation
Authors: Klous, Marjolein G.1; Lee, WeiChing1; Hillebrand, Michel J.X.1; van den Brink, Wim2; van Ree, Jan M.3; Beijnen, Jos H.4
Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Volume 30, Number 1, January/February 2006 , pp. 6-13(8)
Publisher: Preston Publications
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Abstract:
Pharmaceutical smokable heroin was developed for a clinical trial on medical co-prescription of heroin and methadone. This product, consisting of 75% w/w diacetylmorphine base and 25% w/w caffeine anhydrate, was intended for use via “chasing the dragon”, that is, inhalation after volatilization. This procedure involves heating the powder mixture, which may lead to formation of degradation products that could subsequently be inhaled. We developed a method that used a high-performance liquid chromatography system that was compatible with photodiode-array detection and mass spectrometric detection to separate diacetylmorphine- and caffeine-related compounds in a wide polarity range for analysis of the vapor. This method was used to analyze the contents of the plastic drinking straws that were used by patients to inhale the vapors from pharmaceutical heroin used via chasing the dragon, which were considered to be representative of the vapors the patients inhaled. They contained primarily unchanged diacetylmorphine, its main metabolite 6-acetylmorphine, caffeine, and some morphine. Several unidentified peaks were observed in the straw chromatograms. Chemical structures were proposed for nine degradation products: morphine derivatives with different substitution patterns of the C3, C6, and/or N17 positions, which comprised 0.4–9.7% of the straw sample residue weight. Activity and toxicity of most of these compounds are unknown and require further investigation.Document Type: Research article
Affiliations: 1: Slotervaart Hospital, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2: Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3: Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4: Slotervaart Hospital, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Utrecht University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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