A framework for a phylogenetic classification in the genus Cortinarius (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data

Authors: Garnica, Sigisfredo; Weiß, Michael; Oertel, Bernhard; Oberwinkler, Franz

Source: Canadian Journal of Botany, Volume 83, Number 11, 1 November 2005 , pp. 1457-1477(21)

Publisher: NRC Research Press

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Abstract:

Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Cortinarius with emphasis on European species were studied by integrating a molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear rDNA sequences with morphological, chemical, and ecological data. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2, including 5.8S) and the D1–D2 regions of nuclear rDNA of 262 Cortinarius species including most of the recognised subgenera from Europe, South America, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Asia were sequenced and analysed by maximum likelihood and neighbour joining. Our morphological and molecular analyses showed considerable disagreement with earlier morphology-based hypotheses concerning the infrageneric delimitations in Cortinarius. We propose a new base for a more natural classification system in Cortinarius involving the taxonomic rearrangement of the species into the following major lineages that we informally designate as “clades” at this time: (1) phlegmacioid species are included in Alluti, Amarescentes, Arguti, Calochroi, Caerulescentes, Percomes, Phlegmacioides, Phlegmacium, Purpurascentes, Scauri, and Vulpini; (2) the Heterocliti clade includes species of the subgenera Leprocybe and Cystogenes; (3) most of the Myxacium species are included in the Delibuti and Myxacium clades; (4) part of Rozites are included in the Rozites clade; (5) the north-hemispheric species of subgenus Dermocybe are included in the Dermocybe clade and part of the south-hemispheric species in the Splendidi clade; (6) part of Sericeocybe are integrated in the Anomali and Telamonia clades; (7) members of subgenus Cortinarius are assigned to the Cortinarius clade; (8) telamonioid taxa are included in the Obtusi, Renidentes, and Telamonia clades. Several Cortinarius species with peculiar patterns of morphology and basidiome coloration had isolated positions in the sequence analysis, and the evolutionary relationships among the major lineages remained unresolved. Our results suggest the convergent evolution of certain morphological traits across phylogenetically divergent lineages in Cortinarius. However, combinations of features such as pileipellis anatomy, spore shape, veil coloration, basidiome pigments, and stipe shape appear useful to circumscribe clades. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis allows insights in global geographical patterns of species distribution within the major lineages in the genus Cortinarius. The clade structure proposed here could be used as backbone for further more detailed systematic studies.

Les auteurs ont étudié les relations phylogénétiques du genre Cortinarius, avec emphase sur les espèces européennes, en intégrant une analyse phylogénétique moléculaire de séquences du rADN, avec des données morphologiques, chimiques et écologiques. Ils ont séquencé des espaceurs internes transcrits (ITS1 et ITS2, incluant le 5,8S) et les régions D1–D2 de l'ADN nucléique, chez 262 espèces de Cortinarius, incluant la plupart des sous-genres de l'Europe, de l'Amérique du Sud, de l'Australie, de la Nouvelle-Zélande et de l'Asie, et il ont analysé la parenté maximum probable et les liens entre voisins. Ces analyses morphologiques et moléculaires montrent des écarts considérables avec les hypothèses antécédentes, basées sur la morphologie, concernant les délimitations chez les Cortinarius. Les auteurs proposent une nouvelle base pour établir un système de classification plus naturel des Cortinarius, impliquant le réarrangement taxonomique des espèces, au sein des lignées principales suivantes, qu'ils nomment «clades» pour le moment : (1) les espéces phlegmacioïdes sont incluses dans les Alluti, Amarescentes, Arguti, Calochroi, Caerulescentes, Percomes, Phlemacioides, Phlegmacium, Purpurascentes, Scauri et Vulpini; (2) le clade Heterocliti inclut les espèces des sous-genres Leprocybe et Cystogenes; (3) on inclut la plupart des espèces de Myxacium dans les clades Delibuti et Myxacium; (4) une partie des espèces de Rozites est incluse dans le clade Rozites; (5) les espèces de l'hémisphére nord du genre Dermocybe sont placées dans le clade Dermocybe, et une partie des espéces de l'hémisphère sud, dans le clade Splendidi; (6) une partie des Seroceocybe sont intégrés aux clades Anomali et Telamonia; (7) on assigne les me

Document Type: Research article

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