@article {Manzer:March 2008:0909-6396:16,
	author = "Manzer, Douglas L.",
	author = "Hannon, Susan J.",
	title = "Survival of sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus chicks and hens in a fragmented prairie landscape",
	journal = "Wildlife Biology",
	volume = "14",
	year = "March 2008",
	abstract = "We studied survival and probable causes of mortality for plains sharp-tailed grouse <I>Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi</I> chicks up to 30 days of age, and for hens during the reproductive period in Alberta, Canada, during 1999-2001. We used the Kaplan-Meier function for estimating survival for &#62; 1 radio-marked chick in the same brood and a bootstrapping technique to calculate standard errors while accounting for censored data. Chick survival was 47% over two years (95% CI: 29-64%) with 81% of mortalities occurring during the first 15 days. Predation accounted for 72% of chick mortalities with mammals taking the largest portion. Chick survival was similar when compared between landscapes with &#60; 35% vs &#8805; 35% crop and sparsely covered grassland (8 km<SUP>2</SUP>). Hen survival was 53% (95% CI: 44-63%) during the reproductive period over three years. Most hen mortalities were from predation (96%), with mammals accounting for the largest portion followed by raptors. Hen survival was similar in landscapes (8 km<SUP>2</SUP> with &#60; 35% crop and sparsely covered grasslands compared with those in areas with &#8805; 35%. Our study helps clarify values of two critical vital rates, i.e. early chick survival and hen survival over the reproductive period.",
	pages = "16-25(10)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nkv/wb/2008/00000014/00000001/art00002"
}