Authors: Shukla, S.; Seal, S.

Source: International Materials Reviews, Volume 50, Number 1, February 2005 , pp. 45-64(20)

Publisher: Maney Publishing

Abstract:

Mechanisms of tetragonal phase stabilisation, at room temperature, in nanocrystalline (< 100 nm), submicrometre-sized (100 nm–1 μm), and bulk zirconia (ZrO₂) (>1 μm) are reviewed in detail. The merits, demerits and scope of each individual model are outlined. The analysis of the literature shows that, although the mechanism of tetragonal phase stabilisation in bulk ZrO₂ is well understood, the room temperature tetragonal phase stabilisation mechanism in undoped, nanocrystalline ZrO₂ is controversial. Various proposed models, based on surface energy (nanocrystallite size), strain energy, internal and external hydrostatic pressure, structural similarities, foreign surface oxides, anionic impurities, water vapour and lattice defects (oxygen ion vacancies), are discussed in detail. It is proposed that generation of excess oxygen ion vacancies within the nanocrystalline ZrO₂ is primarily responsible for the room temperature tetragonal phase stabilisation, below a critical size. Hence, the mechanism of tetragonal phase stabilisation in nanocrystalline ZrO₂ appears to be the same as that in doped ZrO₂ (at room temperature) and undoped ZrO₂ (at higher temperature).

Keywords: ZIRCONIA; TETRAGONAL PHASE; PHASE STABILISATION MECHANISMS; NANOCRYSTALLINE

Document Type: Review Article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328005X14267

Publication date: 2005-02-01

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• The archive of International Materials Reviews has three previous titles. The full archive is available online, and each title has a separate page of volumes. Please see Metallurgical Reviews , for volumes 1-16, International Metallurgical Reviews for volumes 17-20 and International Metals Reviews for volumes 21-31

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