Authors: Szmuk, Peter; Szmuk, Eleonora; Ezri, Tiberiu

Source: Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, Volume 5, Number 4, August 2005 , pp. 467-477(11)

Publisher: Expert Reviews

Abstract:

Needle phobia affects at least 10% of the general population. Subcutaneous injections are used for many reasons, including immunizations, administration of medications such as insulin and heparin, and to provide local anesthesia, both for surgery and for intravenous cannulation. Whatever the reason for its application, the injection itself may cause discomfort and/or pain. In children, in patients with needle phobia, in those who require frequent intravenous cannulations, or in those who need daily medication, the pain at injection can reach unbearable intensity that could lead to refusal of medical care. Various approaches are employed to alleviate the pain caused by intravenous cannulation. These include the use of topical analgesia [i.e., EMLA, Ametop™ (tetracaine], Numby Stuff and ethylchloridespray], skin infiltration with lidocaine using 25–30-gauge needles and jet injectors. This article will review the complex topic of needle phobia and needle pain, and will summarize the currently available alternatives and the new developments intended to reduce the intensity of injection pain.

Keywords: Ametop™ (tetracaine) gel; EMLA; jet injector; J-Tip; needle; needle pain; needle phobia; Numby Stuff

Document Type: Research article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737167.5.4.467

Publication date: 2005-08-01

More about this publication?

• Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research provides expert commentary on cost-benefit and pharmacoeconomic issues relating to the clinical use of drugs and therapeutic approaches. Coverage includes pharmacoeconomics and quality-of-life research, therapeutic outcomes, evidence-based medicine and cost-benefit research.
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