Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity

Authors: Kar, P.; Laight, D.¹; Rooprai, H. K.²; Shaw, K. M.; Cummings, M.

Source: Diabetic Medicine, Volume 26, Number 5, May 2009 , pp. 526-531(6)

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Abstract:

Objective

Current research has focused upon the potential links between novel markers of vascular risk such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes and its complications. Grape seed extract (GSE), a flavonoid-rich product, is a potential moderator of these markers. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that GSE may improve these markers in high-risk cardiovascular subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods

Thirty-two Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, prescribed diet or oral glucose-lowering agents, received GSE (600 mg/day) or placebo for 4 weeks in a double-blinded randomized crossover trial. Markers of endothelial function (measured by photoplethysmography), oxidative stress [total antioxidant status (TAOS), reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG)], inflammation [highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), urinary albumin : creatinine ratio), insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and metabolism (fructosamine, lipid profile) was measured at baseline and after intervention with GSE or placebo. Results

Baseline characteristics (16 male and 16 female): age 61.8 ± 6.36 years; body mass index 30.2 ± 5.92 kg/m²; diabetes duration 5.9 ± 2.14 years. Following GSE (but not placebo), significant changes were noted in fructosamine (282 ± 40.9 vs. 273 ± 50.2 mmol/l; P = 0.0004); whole blood GSH (2359 ± 823 vs. 3595 ± 1051 mmol/l; P < 0.01) and hsCRP (3.2 ± 3.65 vs. 2.0 ± 2.2 mg/l; P = 0.0006). Total cholesterol concentration also decreased (4.5 ± 0.96 vs. 4.3 ± 0.99 mmol/l; P = 0.05). No statistically significant changes were shown in endothelial function, HOMA-IR or TAOS. Conclusion

GSE significantly improved markers of inflammation and glycaemia and a sole marker of oxidative stress in obese Type 2 diabetic subjects at high risk of cardiovascular events over a 4-week period, which suggests it may have a therapeutic role in decreasing cardiovascular risk.

Keywords: flavonoids; grape seed extract; inflammation; oxidative stress; Type 2 diabetes

Document Type: Research article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02727.x

Affiliations: 1: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth 2: Department of Natural Sciences, School of Health and Social Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK

Publication date: 2009-05-01

Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity

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