Correlates and Consequences of Spanking and Verbal Punishment for Low-Income White, African American, and Mexican American Toddlers
Authors: Berlin, Lisa J.1; Ispa, Jean M.2; Fine, Mark A.2; Malone, Patrick S.3; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne4; Brady-Smith, Christy4; Ayoub, Catherine5; Bai, Yu6
Source: Child Development, Volume 80, Number 5, September/October 2009 , pp. 1403-1420(18)
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing
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Abstract:
This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that spanking (but not verbal punishment) at age 1 predicted child aggressive behavior problems at age 2 and lower Bayley mental development scores at age 3. Neither child aggressive behavior problems nor Bayley scores predicted later spanking or verbal punishment. In some instances, maternal race/ethnicity and/or emotional responsiveness moderated the effects of spanking and verbal punishment on child outcomes.Document Type: Research article
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x
Affiliations: 1: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University 2: University of Missouri-Columbia 3: University of South Carolina 4: National Center for Children and Families, Columbia University 5: Harvard University 6: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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