@article {Neil Stowe:2011:1871-5273:865,
title = "Developing a Vaccine Against Multiple Psychoactive Targets: A Case Study of Heroin",
journal = "CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets- CNS & Neurological Disorders)",
parent_itemid = "infobike://ben/cnsnddt",
publishercode ="ben",
year = "2011",
volume = "10",
number = "8",
publication date ="2011-12-01T00:00:00",
pages = "865-875",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "1871-5273",
url = "https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cnsnddt/2011/00000010/00000008/art00003",
doi = "doi:10.2174/187152711799219316",
keyword = "ELISA, AChE, drug dependence, addiction, HIV, treatment, Rehabilitation Therapy, Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin, therapy, morphine, Blood Brain Barrier, 6-acety-morphine, immunoconjugate, Heroin",
author = "Neil Stowe, G. and E. Schlosburg, Joel and F. Vendruscolo, Leandro and Edwards, Scott and K. Misra, Kaushik and Schulteis, Gery and S. Zakhari, Joseph and F. Koob, George and D. Janda, Kim",
abstract = "Heroin addiction is a wide-reaching problem with a spectrum of damaging social consequences. Currently approved heroin addiction medications include drugs that bind at the same receptors (e.g. opioid receptors) occupied by heroin and/or its metabolites in the brain, but undesired side
effects of these treatments, maintenance dependence and relapse to drug taking remains problematic. A vaccine capable of blocking heroin's effects could provide an economical, long-lasting and sustainable adjunct to heroin addiction therapy without the side effects associated with available
treatment options. Heroin, however, presents a particularly challenging vaccine target as it is metabolized to multiple psychoactive molecules of differing lipophilicity, with differing abilities to cross the blood brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the opiate scaffolding and hapten
design considerations to confer immunogenicity as well as the specificity of the immune response towards structurally similar opiates. In addition, we detail different strategies employed in the design of immunoconjugates for a vaccine-based therapy for heroin addiction treatment. 
",
}