@article {Borkow:August 2005:0929-8673:2163, author = "Borkow, Gadi", author = "Gabbay, Jeffrey", title = "Copper as a Biocidal Tool", journal = "Current Medicinal Chemistry", volume = "12", year = "August 2005", abstract = "Copper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used to disinfect liquids, solids and human tissue for centuries. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide as well as an antibacterial and anti-fouling agent. Copper also displays potent anti-viral activity. This article reviews (i) the biocidal properties of copper; (ii) the possible mechanisms by which copper is toxic to microorganisms; and (iii) the systems by which many microorganisms resist high concentrations of heavy metals, with an emphasis on copper.", pages = "2163-2175(13)", url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/2005/00000012/00000018/art00005" doi = "doi:10.2174/0929867054637617" }