@article {F. Holick:2011:1389-4501:4,
title = "Vitamin D: Evolutionary, Physiological and Health Perspectives",
journal = "Current Drug Targets",
parent_itemid = "infobike://ben/cdt",
publishercode ="ben",
year = "2011",
volume = "12",
number = "1",
publication date ="2011-01-01T00:00:00",
pages = "4-18",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "1389-4501",
url = "https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdt/2011/00000012/00000001/art00002",
keyword = "FGF 23, 25(OH)D, VDR, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, osteoporosis, Ergocalciferol, autoimmune disease, sunlight, Provitamin D3, skeleton, UVB radiation, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, cancer, Vitamin D, inflammatory bowel disease, DBP, diabetes, non-melanoma skin cancer, fat malabsorption syndrome, lupus vulgaris, osteopenia, osteomalacia, Cholecalciferol, RANKL, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, Caucasians, ergosterol",
author = "F. Holick, Michael",
abstract = "Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, has been important not only for the evolution of a healthy calcified vertebrate skeleton but it also evolved into a hormone that has a wide diversity of biologic effects. During exposure to sunlight the ultraviolet B radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 which in turn rapidly isomerizes to vitamin D3. Once formed, vitamin D3 is metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and in the kidneys to its active form 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 interacts with its vitamin D receptor in calcium regulating tissues to regulate calcium metabolism and bone health. It is now recognized that most cells in the body have a vitamin D receptor and they also have the capability of producing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which in turn is capable of regulating a wide variety of genes that have important functions in regulating cell growth, modulating immune function and cardiovascular health. Epidemiologic evidence and prospective studies have linked vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of many chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, deadly cancers, type II diabetes and infectious diseases. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency have been defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D ",
}