Authors: Grime, K.; Riley, R. J.

Source: Current Drug Metabolism, Volume 7, Number 3, April 2006 , pp. 251-264(14)

Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers

Abstract:

This review provides a vista of the current opportunities and remaining challenges in the area of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, with particular emphasis on drug binding terms in predictive models, which has been the source of much controversy. Although the importance of fuinc (fraction unbound in in vitro incubations) has been acknowledged for decades, it is not always applied in practice. This is somewhat disappointing, since although it may be onerous to measure this term for large numbers of compounds, algorithms to estimate the term from logD7.4 or logP have been detailed in the literature. These are sufficiently robust to negate routine measurement in early drug discovery. Several groups have recently established convincing relationships between unbound in vivo and in vitro metabolic intrinsic clearance (CLint). In the authors' laboratory, correlations of this type have been constructed for rat, dog and Man. The use and interpretation of these models within a drug discovery setting is discussed. The quantitative prediction of drug-drug interactions from in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition data remains a challenge. Although extensive literature databases are at last emerging, apparent ad hoc use of terms for in vivo inhibitor concentrations and only occasional consideration of fuinc may only have confused matters. The effect of accounting for drug binding on the accuracy of predictions is reviewed. Other themes including the impact of fuinc on relative activity factors (RAFs) and how in vitro data quality and inter-laboratory differences can confound quantitative human pharmacokinetic predictions are also developed.

Keywords: Clearance; Hepatocytes; Cytochrome P450 (CYP); Drug-drug interaction (DDI); Relative activity factor (RAF); In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE)

Document Type: Research article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920006776359266

Affiliations: 1: Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leics., LE11 5RH, England.

Publication date: 2006-04-01

More about this publication?

• Current Drug Metabolism aims to cover all the latest and outstanding developments in drug metabolism and disposition. The journal serves as an international forum for the publication of timely reviews in drug metabolism. Current Drug Metabolism is an essential journal for academic, clinical, government and pharmaceutical scientists who wish to be kept informed and up-to-date with the latest and most important developments. The journal covers the following areas:
  
  In vitro systems including CYP-450; enzyme induction and inhibition; drug-drug interactions and enzyme kinetics; pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, species scaling and extrapolations; P-glycoprotein and transport carriers; target organ toxicity and interindividual variability; drug metabolism and disposition studies; extrahepatic metabolism; phase I and phase II metabolism; recent developments for the identification of drug metabolites and adducts.

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